The Scientific Foundations of Habitat Conservation Plans: a Quantitative Assessment
نویسندگان
چکیده
The number of habitat conservation plans (HCP) has risen dramatically since the first plan was written over 18 years ago. Until recently, no studies have quantitatively investigated the scientific foundations underlying these documents. As part of a larger study of HCPs, we examined 43 plans primarily to assess the availability and use of scientific data and secondarily to determine the extent of involvement by, and influence of, independent scientists within the process. Specifically, our analysis focused on five key steps taken when an HCP is developed: assessing status of a species, determining take, predicting the project effects, mitigating for those effects, and monitoring of take and mitigation. In general, we found that the preparers of HCPs utilized existing scientific information fairly well, with 60% of plans not missing any available information described by our study as “starkly necessary.” The most common types of underutilized available data included those describing the influence of stochastic processes and habitat quality or quantity on species persistence. For many species, however, data on biology or status simply did not exist, as demonstrated by the fact that we could locate quantitative population estimates for only 10% of the species. Furthermore, for 42% of the species examined we had insufficient data and analysis to determine clearly how predicted take might affect the population. In many cases, mitigation measures proposed to offset take frequently addressed the most important local threats to the species with moderately reliable strategies. Species with monitoring programs rated as sufficient had plans that proposed to collect a greater amount of “quantitative” data than did those programs rated insufficient. Finally, when species “experts” were consulted, plan quality was generally higher. Overall, available scientific information in a majority of categories was fairly well utilized, but for many species additional studies and more in-depth analyses were required to provide adequate support for issuance of an incidental take permit. Las Bases Científicas de los Planes de Conservación del Hábitat: una Evaluación Cuantitativa Resumen: El número de planes de conservación del hábitat (PCH) se ha incrementado dramáticamente desde que el primer plan fue escrito hace más de 16 arlos. Hasta hace poco, no existían estudios que investigaran cuantitativamente los fundamentos cientificos básicos de estos documentos. Como parte de un gran estudio sobre los PCHs, investigamos 43 planes, principalmente para evaluar la disponibilidad y uso de datos cientificos y además para determinar el grado de participacidn, y la influencia de, cientificos independientes dentro del proceso. Especificamente, nuestro análisis se enfoca en cinco pasos clave llevados a cabo durante el desarrollo de un PCH: la evaluacidn de estatus de una especie, la determinacidn de cosecba, la prediccidn de los efectos del proyecto, la mitigacidn de estos efectos y el monitoreo de la cosecba y la mitigacidn. En general, los elaboradores de PCHs utilizaron informacidn cientifica bastante bien, con 60% de los planes sin carecer de ninguna informacidn viable descrita por nuestro estudio como “rigurosamente necesaria.” Los tipos más comunes de datos disponibles poco utilizados incluyeron a aquellos que describian la influencia de procesos estocásticos y de la calidad o cantidad del bábitat en la persistencia de especies. Sin embargo, para mucbas especies, los datos sobre su biologia o estatus simplemente no existen, a como se ba demostrado por el becbo de que solo podiamos localizar estimaciones poblacionales cuantitativas para 10% de las especies. Mas aún, 42% de las especies examinadas tuvo datos y análisis insuficientes como para que nuestros revisores pudieran determinar claramente el como la cosecba estimada pudiera afectar a la poblacidn. En mucbos casos las medidas de mitigacidn propuestas para contrarrestar la cosecba frecuentemente toma en consideracidn las amenazas locales más importantes para las especies con estrategias relativamente moderadas. Las especies con programas de monitoreo estimados como suficientes tuvieron planes que proponian colectar una mayor cantidad de datos “cuantitativos” que aquellos programas que fueron estimados como insuficientes. Finalmente, cuando se consultd a “expertos” en especies, la calidad del plan fue en general mayor. En general, la informacidn cientifica disponible en la mayoria de las categorias fue bastante bien utilizada, pero para mucbas especies se requirid de estudios adicionales y de análisis de mayor profundidad para apoyar adecuadamente la emisidn de un permiso de cosecba incidental.
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